Feeding diversified protein sources exacerbates hepatic insulin resistance via increased gut microbial branched-chain fatty acids and mTORC1 signaling in obese mice.

5k ) as compared to their counterpart mice bearing the fecal microbiota from HFHS-C donors, which was highly significant (post-hoc analysis: p = 0.006) at the 15 min peak of insulin secretion), and further illustrated by calculation of the GSIS during the peak of insulin response (Fig. 5l ). 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota composition revealed that FMT-HFHS-PM mice had greater alpha diversity than FMT-HFHS-C mice, represented by Shannon and Simpson’s reciprocal indices, consistent with data from donor mice (Fig. 3f, g and 5m–n ).

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