The prognostic outcome of 'type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer' association pivots on hypoxia-hyperglycemia axis.

For instance, studies tracking death in breast cancer patients reported an increasing trend for women with diabetes, and also supported a stronger independent link with prognosis as compared to breast cancer risk [ 51 ], which can be explained by higher insulin levels, late diagnosis, less aggressive treatment plan or diabetes associated complications or co-morbidity [ 52 , 53 ].

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