A hitchhiker guide to manta rays: Patterns of association between Mobula alfredi, M. birostris, their symbionts, and other fishes in the Maldives.

Recent investigations into the echeneid-host association also suggest that there may be significant costs incurred by the host, such as persistent damage and scarring from the adhesive disc by which the remoras attach themselves to their hosts, as well as deforming injuries when smaller-sized remoras force themselves through the gill slits and other body openings of their mobulid host [ 15 , 23 , 59 ].

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