Association between Parental Cotinine-verified Smoking Status and Childhood Asthma: a Population-based Nationally Representative Analysis.

During our study period, paternal smoking rates were similar throughout the years and non-smoking rates increased, but maternal smoking rates showed an increasing trend. 46 Data from the KNHANES showed that rate of young female smokers increased by two times in 20 years, although it was still lower than the rate of male smokers. 45 This trend of female smoking rate in South Korea was similar to the trend in the mid-twentieth century in the US, where the rate of female smokers started increasing, almost reaching the rate of male smokers, given the increased social acceptance of the smoking habits of women. 48 Recently, the rate of female smokers showed a declining trend in high-income countries.

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