highly significantp = 2 × 10 –16
There was significant evidence of genome-wide selection for stripe rust resistance over the 11 years in the population, as demonstrated by a negative G ^ value ( G ^ = − 0.26) and a highly significant ( p = 2 × 10 –16 ) difference between the observed G ^ and the null distribution of 1000 permuted G ^ perm values (Fig. 3 A).