Springback induced variations on tube thickness and cross-section flattening are discussed: the thickness variation during springback is attributed to the elastic unloading induced deformation and the cooling induced thermal deformation, which is small and neglectable; the maximum cross-section flattening decreases first and then presents an increasing trend, while it increases with the increase of the bending angle.
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Springback Analysis for Warm Bending of Titanium Tube Based on Coupled Thermal-Mechanical Simulation.
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