a decreasing trendp < 0.01
For vitality (χ 2 (4) = 11.33, p = 0.02, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.04), there was a decreasing trend over time for Finnish employees (slope M = −0.48, SE = 0.18, p < 0.01), whereas the average change in vitality over time was non-significant for Japanese employees (slope M = 0.55, SE = 0.42, p = 0.19).