Native and alien species suffer from late arrival, while negative effects of multiple alien species on natives vary.

To assess the importance of the explanatory factors, we performed backwards step-wise model simplification using F-tests (employing Type III Sum of Squares to account for the unbalanced dataset due to high mortality in some species-combinations) to obtain the minimum adequate model, containing only significant terms (whereby we retained marginally significant effects, i.e., P < 0.1).

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