Over the period of 1979–2019, there has been a positive trend in the IOD index (Dipole Mode Index; DMI), statistically significant at the 10% level in spring 36 , 37 .
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Over the period of 1979–2019, there has been a positive trend in the IOD index (Dipole Mode Index; DMI), statistically significant at the 10% level in spring 36 , 37 .