Massive and rapid predominantly volcanic CO₂ emission during the end-Permian mass extinction.

The average chain length (ACL C25-C33 ) varies between 27.5 and 29.5 and shows an increasing trend up-core ( Fig. 2 C ), in which higher ACL values correspond to high numbers of conifer pollen counts in the same core (e.g., at 110- to 95-m core depth), and low ACL values are associated with the pteridosperm (seed fern)-dominated ecosystem that existed prior to the EPME ( Fig. 2 A ).

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