Monitoring of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater

However, the removal rates were more or less comparable to organic matter with an increasing trend over the years of operation (Table 1 ), which is likely due to effective retention of particles in the filtration beds, despite the strong variations in the influent water quality (Figure 2c ).

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However, while the performance of the reed beds improved significantly in 2019 compared to 2018 (Mann–Whitney U test: p <0.05), a decreasing trend in COD removal was observed for HSF-CW1 between 2019 and 2020, in contrast to the performance of HSF-CW2 which remains almost steady.

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