The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease.

92 , 93 Application of transcriptomic approaches has proved extremely significant for delineating both microbial and host gene expression in the context of oral health and pathology. 14 , 68 , 94 The field faces some key hurdles, namely the challenge of separating out the highly complex mixtures that are typical of clinical samples while simultaneously visualizing many molecules of a diverse chemical nature.

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Emerging evidence suggests that chronic stress and related diseases, such as depression and anxiety, may be significant factors contributing to the development of oral dysbiosis, progression of periodontal/peri‐implant disease, and inconsistent wound healing following periodontal therapy. 125 , 224 , 225 , 226 Moreover, the stress hormone, cortisol, has been shown to directly induce shifts in the composition of the oral microbial community and in its gene expression profiles in vitro, which reproduces results found for the gene expression profiles of the oral microbial community in periodontal disease and during its progression. 94 4.

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