highly significantp = 1.8 × 10 −4
In a Δ mutS strain, the protection is stronger and highly significant ( p = 1.8 × 10 −4 , U = 124.0, corresponding to 72% of mutations that are avoided): this is qualitatively consistent with our theoretical prediction that the protection is higher when the mutation spectrum is biased towards frameshifts ( Fig 2 ).