Considering the influence of drinking water source, reduction in Campylobacter occurrence for using tube-well water in comparison to river water was observed to be highly significant (p < 0.0005) in cloacal swab samples and significant (p < 0.005) in egg surface swab and drinking water samples but insignificant for soil samples (Fig. 4 B).
As potential drivers, the wet condition of duck shed and irregularity in utensil cleaning were observed to induce Campylobacter occurrence in a similar fashion, highly significantly (p < 0.0005) in the cloacal swab, significantly (p < 0.005) in egg swab and with marginal significance (p < 0.05) for drinking water samples, but no such influence for soil samples (Fig. 4 C and E).
Association with Campylobacter incidence of flock age 1–6 month and insufficient access to sunlight was found to be marginally significant for cloacal swab samples but not in other kinds of samples (Fig. 4 F and G).
in duck farm samples showed an increasing trend, ca. 17–49%, accompanied by the rise in temperature from April to June (Fig. 3 A).