Both the full sample and the analyses with the sample of non-loss seekers illustrated the marginal significance of the main effect of Frame ( β = 0.813, p = 0.076) and the non-significant main effects for Group ( β = 0.014, p = 0.979) and Gender ( β = -0.189, p = 0.640).
Exploratory aim 3: Group differences in framing effects in probabilities Our results confirm the typical choice pattern consistent with the certainty effect (option A in the first lottery and option D in the second lottery), as we found that participants try to avoid a decreased sure loss of 1% more often (χ 2 = 3.457, p = 0.063, two-sample test for equality of proportions) when it decreases from 1% to 0% (50% of all participants) than a decrease from 90% to 89% to receive nothing (33.33% of all participants, see Fig 4 ), albeit this effect is marginally significant.