Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis.

Experiments revealed that the expression of Ihh in rat growth plate chondrocytes decreased with increasing fluorine concentration, while the expression of PTHrP showed an increasing trend, suggesting that fluorine reduces the expression of Ihh by up-regulating PTHrP, inhibiting the Ihh/PTHrP negative feedback loop to affect chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and inhibiting the normal process of osteogenesis within cartilage [ 64 ].

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