However, the overlap integral between the fundamental mode and LP 1n cladding modes shown in Figure 5 d indicates that an increasing trend with Δ d for LP 1n cladding modes performs a doughnut-like intensity distribution in the core region, and the center of their mode profile is a phase singularity (light intensity is 0).
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Line Position-Dependent Effect in Line-by-Line Inscribed Fiber Bragg Gratings.
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