Lost in recessions: youth employment and earnings in Spain.

Focusing on college graduates and monthly earnings, with regional rates, the scarring effects peak in the fourth year, at − 1.1 pp, and they are highly significant until the tenth year, whereas with provincial rates, the effect in the fourth year is equal to − 0.3 pp and it is the only significant one, at the 10% level (apart from the first-year effect). 17 These estimates are still well below those found by Fernández-Kranz and Rodríguez-Planas ( 2018 ) for Spain (see Sect. 4.4 ).

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While the employment rates for individuals above 24 years of age exhibit a positive trend, the employment rates of the youngest age cohorts have plummeted.

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