Sources of confidence in value-based choice.

The difference of the effect of average variability on choice consistency and confidence ratings is marginally significant (Δ β cons−conf = −0.39 ± 0.24, P = 0.049; Fig. 1 d), however, this effect becomes more pronounced when removing two participants with outlying confidence rating behavior (Δ β cons−conf = −0.53 ± 0.25, P = 0.02; Fig. 1 d and Supplementary Figs. 1 and 3 ).

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Interestingly, confidence appears to induce a smaller (but still highly significant) influence on θ in the efficient coding model relative to the RUM.

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