Carbon-coated SnO₂ riveted on a reduced graphene oxide composite (C@SnO₂/RGO) as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

2,3 At the same time, it is extremely significant to develop anode materials with high theoretical capacities and excellent cycle stability in the industrial application of LIBs. 4–6 Stannic oxide (SnO 2 ) has aroused significant interest as one of the most promising anode electrodes for LIBs due to its high theoretical capacity (782 mA h g −1 ), environmental friendliness, and low cost. 7–9 Nevertheless, some inherent defects, including the ∼300% volume expansion during repeated Li + extraction and insertion, as well as low electron and ion conductivities, directly impede the practical application of SnO 2 materials in LIBs.

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