Microbiome Research and Multi-Omics Integration for Personalized Medicine in Asthma.

Such mutual interactions mediated by locally resident microbes, circulating active biomolecules (microbial metabolites, pro-inflammatory factors) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in concurrence with systemic immunity has led to the concept of the “gut–lung axis” ( Figure 2 ), pointing out that microbiomes at both niches may be significant contributors to the pathogenesis of asthma [ 90 , 119 ].

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