Effects of ambient temperature during the nestling stage on a stress indicator in nestling pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca.

Additionally, when analyzing each of the temperature indicators and the sum of precipitation for the first 12 days of the pied flycatcher nestling life, we found a statistically significant increase (an increasing trend) for each temperature (year × T mean_12 r = 0.57, p < 0.005; year × T max_12 r = 0.38, p = 0.002; year × T min_12 r = 0.45, p < 0.005), while the decrease for the sum of precipitation showed a decrease in 2015–2019 (year × P 12 r = − 0.44, p < 0.005) (Fig. 3 ).

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