Global, regional, and national burden of ischaemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

25 , 26 Nevertheless, primary prevention programs including multi-level approaches at the population and individual levels are also warranted, in that our research and other studies have consistently shown an increasing trend of IHD-related risk factors over the past decades in these countries. 27–29 In 2017, except for age and other non-modifiable risk factors, dietary risks, high systolic blood pressure, and high LDL cholesterol remained the top three contributors to IHD deaths worldwide.

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