Increased plasma levels of catecholamines have been observed in the pre-retinopathic stage and become highly significant in patients with early- or late-stage DR, suggesting their important role in DR pathogenesis [ 7 ].
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the β1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Metoprolol on High Glucose Treated Human Microvascular Retinal Endothelial Cells.
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