Connectivity conservation at the crossroads: protected areas versus payments for ecosystem services in conserving connectivity for Colombian carnivores.

Although it is not clear yet if PES emerging popularity and implementation is reducing the rate of PA establishment, there seems to be an increasing trend toward promoting PES conservation actions rather than pursuing strict protection [ 18 , 19 ], even though conservation success of PES may be reduced in terms of slowing deforestation rates at least [ 20 ].

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