The burden of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels.

Although the ASIR and ASDR remained stable globally, some developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, had an increasing trend, and this trend is expected to continue increase in the coming years, as previously reported. 25 This finding highlights the need for policies aimed at reducing harmful alcohol consumption. 6 , 25 According to a previous study, the incidence of LCNA has increased in the last few decades, especially in high‐income countries, in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity. 26 , 27 , 28 Our study confirmed these results, and most countries, such as Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, had an increasing trend in the ASIR for LCNA from 1990 to 2019.

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Compared with previous GBD study, 5 , 7 , 9 the ASIR of LCOC showed a decreasing trend for the first time in the past 30 years.

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