Metadata analysis indicates biased estimation of genetic parameters and gains using conventional pedigree information instead of genomic-based approaches in tree breeding.

Indeed, when we removed results of studies on open-pollinated families (22 study-trait pairs) in our metadata analysis, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test still remained highly significant (p-value = 5.64e−06), thus confirming the observed general bias of using registered pedigree information to represent the genetic relationships existing between the individuals making up the breeding population analyzed.

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