Bovine Animal Model for Studying the Maternal Microbiome, <i>in utero</i> Microbial Colonization and Their Role in Offspring Development and Fetal Programming.

However, despite these highly significant differences, the mouse is still being used as an animal model to study human gut microbiome ( Nguyen et al., 2015 ), whereas the bovine animal model holds several advantages over other animal models to investigate the role of the maternal microbiota (respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive microbiota) in the DOHaD ( Table 1 ).

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