extremely significantp < 0.001
Statistical significance is divided into three levels based on p value: not statistically significant ( p ≥ 0.05) indicated by “~,” statistically significant ( p < 0.05) indicated by “∗,” and extremely significant ( p < 0.001) indicated by “∗∗.” Table 2 similarly denotes mean and standard deviation feature values for benign and malignant cases in the ATL dataset, as well as statistical significance of the features.