4 When a patient receives hemodialysis via an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in an upper limb and has stenosis or occlusion of the ipsilateral central vein, the limb enters a state of venous hypertension, with symptoms of pain, impaired mobility, and highly significant signs of edema including clubbing, sometimes accompanied by altered perfusion of the limb and presence of ulcers associated with venous hypertension.
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Endovascular treatment of central vein occlusion in patients with functioning arteriovenous fistulas.
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