Cubic multi-ions-doped Na₂TiO₃ nanorod-like coatings: Structure-stable, highly efficient platform for ions-exchanged release to immunomodulatory promotion on vascularized bone apposition.

A one-way ANOVA followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test was used to determine the level of significance: p < 0.05 and 0.01 was considered to be significant and highly significant, respectively. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Structures, ionic release and bond strengths of ions-doped nanorods arrayed coatings The coating, hydrothermally grown on Ti disc in an autoclave containing NaOH aqueous solution, is bilayer structured, comprising a thin layer of compact nanogranulates adjacent to Ti, and an overlapping layer of quasi-vertically aligned and top-flat nanorods with a nanorod diameter of 65.1 ± 2.5 nm, length of ∼2 μm and interrod spacing of 75.4 ± 3.2 nm ( Fig. 1 a).

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