Although some viruses such as Herpesvirus B and SARS-CoV-2 stimulate the upregulation of HLA-G and HLA-E to facilitate immune escape [ 56 , 104 ], the induction (by different pathogens such as parasites) of a dramatic reduction in HLA-G expression levels in disorders or in pathogen-infected tissues might be significant.
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Immunomodulatory Potential of Non-Classical HLA-G in Infections including COVID-19 and Parasitic Diseases.
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