The Autoantibodies against Tumor-Associated Antigens as Potential Blood-Based Biomarkers in Thyroid Neoplasia: Rationales, Opportunities and Challenges.

Notably, three of them (PKM2, PGK1, and CNN3) demonstrated highly significant differences in the cognate TAA-AAbs’ frequencies between different histological types of tumors, and each of the cognate TAA-AAbs were capable of 100% specific partitioning of TAA-AAbs-positive cases in a particular group of histological phenotypes: overtly malignant (including classical PTC) + borderline tumors (excluding NIFTP) for PKM2-AAbs+ cases; overtly malignant + borderline FPT (including NIFTP) for CNN3-AAbs+ cases; and non-invasive tumors (FTA/HTA + NIFTP) for PGK1-AAbs+ cases with moderate (30-35%) DSn values ( Figure 2 ).

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