Enhancing osseointegration and mitigating bacterial biofilms on medical-grade titanium with chitosan-conjugated liquid-infused coatings.

Significance levels were defined as significant ‘*’ at p -values of < 0.05, highly significant ‘**’ at p -values < 0.01 and as extremely significant ‘***’ with p -values < 0.001.

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Similarly, the static water contact angle of chitosan conjugated titanium was highly hydrophilic (39.2 ± 0.6°), while fluorinated conjugated samples containing chitosan displayed hydrophobic contact angles (108.2 ± 5.2°), which dictated a highly significant change ( p -value < 0.001).

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