Comprehensive genomics in androgen receptor-dependent castration-resistant prostate cancer identifies an adaptation pathway mediated by opioid receptor kappa 1.

Furthermore, our RNA seq and IHC analyses showed an increasing trend of OPRK1 expression as PCa progressed from castration-naïve to castration-resistant diseases, which was consistent with the findings from cultured PCa cells 27 and with multiple databases for advanced PCa showing upregulation of OPRK1 in advanced PCa, particularly in those at high risk for death 21 , 25 , 26 .

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