Distributions and trends of the global burden of COPD attributable to risk factors by SDI, age, and sex from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of GBD 2019 data.

Ambient particulate matter pollution The disease burden of COPD attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution presented an increasing trend in the low-middle-SDI (DALY rate in 2010–2019: EPAC 1.57 [0.36–2.79]) and low-SDI quintiles (DALY rate in 2010–2019: EAPC 1.94 [0.70–3.20]) (Fig. 6 A, Table 1 ).

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Occupational particulate matter, gas, and fume exposure The age-standardized DALY, YLL, and death rates of COPD attributable to occupational particles declined in all SDI regions, but the YLD rate presented a slightly increasing trend in later years (Additional file 2 : Fig.

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