This approach also has the advantages of providing an estimate of the overall effect of the economic shocks and of potentially being “ more powerful than individual-level tests—multiple outcomes that approach marginal significance may aggregate into a single index that attains statistical significance ” ( Anderson, 2008 , p. 1484). 9 In the results section below, we first present the associations between economic shocks experienced at birth and the two summary indices, and then detail these associations for each of our four types of outcome variables.
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The effects of negative economic shocks at birth on adolescents' cognitive outcomes and educational attainment in Malawi.
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