Nb-doped and Al₂O₃ + B₂O₃-coated granular secondary LiMn₂O₄ particles as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

29,30 The initial discharge capacities of LMOA, LMOB, LMOC and LMOD were 109 mA h g −1 , 106 mA h g −1 , 102 mA h g −1 and 102 mA h g −1 , respectively, showing a decreasing trend with increasing coating content due to the inactive nature of these coatings toward Li + ions. 6 LiMn 2 O 4 → Li 1− x Mn 2 O 4 + x Li + x e − , ( x < 0.5) 7 Li 1− x Mn 2 O 4 → Mn 2 O 4 + (1 − x )Li + (1 − x )e − , ( x ≥ 0.5) Fig. 5 shows the cycling stability of all samples at a current density of 1.0C between 3.0 and 4.2 V at 25 °C and 55 °C.

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