Photodegradation of spent wash, a sugar industry waste, using vanadium-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Careful observation of curves a to f shows that there was an increase in the intensity of the (101) peak for the 1% V-TiO 2 sample, but the samples containing more than 1% vanadium displayed a decreasing trend in the intensity of the (101) anatase peak, which suggests that a higher vanadium concentration slows down the crystallization of the anatase phase and promotes the direct conversion of titanium peroxide into the rutile phase.

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