Post-secondary online learning in the U.S.: an integrative review of the literature on undergraduate student characteristics.

( 2016 ), using data from a large, urban, east coast, multi-institution university system, report that it cannot be assumed that students who withdraw after taking online courses do so because of the outcomes of the online course; rather, other student characteristics (which drive the students to take online courses in the first place) may be significant in determining college persistence.

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Research has shown that G.P.A was a highly significant predictor of grades, for both online and face-to-face formats (Burns et al., 2013 ; Fendler et al., 2018 ; Wilson & Allen, 2018 ).

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