Figure 5 shows that, during the multistage cyclic loading, the elastic modulus of the PVC membrane material presents an increasing trend, so it inevitably obtains the negative damage variable based on the elastic modulus change, and the material is thus characterized as “negative damage”.
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Mechanical Behavior and Energy Dissipation of Woven and Warp-Knitted Pvc Membrane Materials under Multistage Cyclic Loading.
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The sentences
There was an overall trend of increase with the increase in density.