Worsening drought of Nile basin under shift in atmospheric circulation, stronger ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole.

At a positive trend of 0.2–0.8 m 2 /sec 2 between 1985 and 2017, the increase in scalar wind was maximum in Uganda, Sudan, and northwestern regions of Ethiopia, where both meridional and zonal wind have also increased (supplementary Fig. 5 c–e).

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Similarly, a statistically significant change point (1976) was detected in monthly 1000-mb geopotential height (GPH) data (20CRv3), and an increasing trend of 3.1 m/decade (Fig. 1 f).

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The SMC shows high spatial variabilities in NRB but at a decreasing trend of 16–45 mm/decade between 1985 and 2017 (supplementary Fig. 4 c).

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