Spatiotemporal Regulation of a Single Adaptively Evolving Trans-Regulatory Element Contributes to Spermatogenetic Expression Divergence in Drosophila.

Knocking out miR-983 caused a highly significant decrease in sperm length in D. melanogaster ( D. mel KO vs., D. mel WT: 1.724 ± 0.065 mm vs., 1.825 ± 0.047 mm; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 2.22 × 10 −16 ; fig. 5 A ).

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