Greater Emotional Distress Due to Social Distancing and Greater Symptom Severity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: A Multicenter Study in Austria, Germany, and Denmark.

Subjects were asked to indicate their subjective fear on a 11-point Likert scale, ranging from (0) = “no fears” to (10) = “extremely high fear”: On a scale from 0–10, how strongly do you rate your concerns and fears about the coronavirus? On a scale from 0–10, how strongly do you rate your fear of contracting the coronavirus? On a scale from 0–10, how strongly do you rate your fear of infecting others with the coronavirus? All items showed a highly significant intercorrelation (all p s < 0.01) and a mean index for COVID-19 fears was built, indicating sufficient internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.81).

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