Century-long changes and drivers of soil nitrous oxide (N₂ O) emissions across the contiguous United States.

During the period from 1980 to 2019, air temperature in the United States overall showed a significantly increasing trend, with a maximum annual increasing rate >0.04° C year −1 found in the northeast, the Norther Great Plains and the west, while it showed a decreasing trend in the western coast (Figure S1a in the Supplementary Materials ).

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However, natural soil N 2 O emissions are found to have a slightly increasing trend over the entire study period, with a changing rate of 0.01 Tg N year −1 decade −1 ( R 2 = .95, Figure 7b ).

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Solar radiation also demonstrated a contrasting spatial pattern with an increasing trend found in the eastern and the southwestern parts of the United States and a decreasing trend in the northwestern United States (Figure S1c ).

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