EV derived from HP small intestine microbiota significantly upregulated CCL28, PIGR and APRIL , compared to cells treated with PBS or EV derived from HC and HF microbiota, and close to significance for APRIL when compared to EV derived from HC microbiota (Fig. 5d–f ).
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Dietary protein increases T-cell-independent sIgA production through changes in gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles.
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