Land use and land cover change in a tropical mountain landscape of northern Ecuador: Altitudinal patterns and driving forces.

Overall, the most relevant parameters explaining LULC in the region were the topographic driver grouping (which incorporates elevation and slope), this driver grouping was highly significant for the majority of the transitions studied (p<0.001, Table 3 ), with the exception of the shrub and herb loss.

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Our findings also revealed an unexpected trend of páramo stability (0.75–0.90), but also a 40% reduction of montane forests, with the lowest probability (<0.50) of persistence in the elevation band of 2800–3300 m; agricultural land is replacing this LULC classes at higher elevation.

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