practically significantp -value < 0.05
An item was flagged as exhibiting practically significant DIF if both (a) the omnibus Wald test demonstrated a p -value < 0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction (i.e., p FDR < 0.05) and (b) the ESSD effect size was greater than 0.5, indicating a “medium” or larger amount of DIF ( Meade, 2010 ).