Impact of absent crowds on technical and physical performances in the Chinese Soccer Super League.

For example, the existence of the HA in the CSL presented a decreasing trend from about 63.8 to 59.7% between the 2006 and 2016 seasons (Liu et al., 2019 ).

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Results Our study found that cross ( p < 0.01, ES = −0.24), shots ( p < 0.001, ES = −0.25), and shot accuracy ( p < 0.05, ES = −0.18) displayed decreasing trends whereas sprint distances ( p < 0.05, ES = 0.16) presented an increasing trend without spectators comparing with the crowd support.

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