Can dog-assisted and relaxation interventions boost spatial ability in children with and without special educational needs? A longitudinal, randomized controlled trial.

To investigate our main question and the predicted effects of the dog and the relaxation intervention on spatial ability, planned comparisons with Bonferroni correction ( p < 0.004) revealed that children in the dog interventions showed highly significant and immediate improvements in spatial ability from pre-intervention baseline to post-intervention ( t (37) = −3.499, p = 0.001, d = 0.56) and from post-intervention to 6-week testing [ t (37) = −4.507, p < 0.001, d =0.73], [ M = 92.68 (baseline), 99.30 (post), 105.18 (6 weeks)].

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To investigate the predicted intervention effects, planned comparisons showed that scores for children did not increase significantly between the pre-and post-intervention {dog [ t (6) = −1.837, p = 0.116, d = 0.69], relaxation [ t (7) = −4.080, p = 0.005, d = 1.44], control [ t (10) = −1.314, p = 0.218, d = 0.39] with the relaxation group just missing significance (Bonferroni-adjusted significance level: p = 0.004)}.

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